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Community Terminology Translation into the Romanian Language |
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postat de
Sebastian Chirimbu |
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Abstract. The increasing number of official translation of the European institutions has been determined by the exigencies of communication between Member States and third parties lately, the European area being characterized by a spectacular information exchange within the European Community policies (economic, monetary, financial, social, environmental, research). Translating texts and Community documentation represents a job that requires skills, stages of research required for disclosure of transfer characteristic into the target language, training, experience, sense of language; also, translating such texts is to know the history of that country, its legal system and culture as shown in treaties and especially in academic articles.
Keywords: translation, terminology, equivalence, skills
1. Community Terminology
The evolution of the European construction from a dream to an economic and then political solid reality generated numerous official meetings, official documents and legislation which together gave birth to a specific terminology. Within the Romanian vocabulary the communitary terminology covers a new conceptual field which appeared after 1989.
Two core characteristics of the communitary terminology to be noted are the fact that it is a multilingual terminology, without being based on translations (as the Acts are usually drafted in paralel in all the EU languages) and the fact that the main sources of the communitary terminology are the common language and the legal terminology.
Regarding the nature of the communitary terminology we believe that we cannot discuss about the existence of such a terminology in the absolute meaning. The communitary terminology consists of different groups of terms covering communitary issues but basically included in another termionlogy. For example we can talk about a communitary political terminology, a communitary economic terminology, and also about communitary terminology included in the fields of environment, education, etc. Each such larger group of terms can be subdivided into more specialized sub-groups. For example, the communitary legal terminology can be divided into sub-terminologies referring to the basic Unions legislation, labour legislation, customs legislation, civil legislation, etc. Therefore it would be more appropriate to talk about a core communitary terminology of a political nature and of numerous sattelite terminologies expressing ther realities of all the domains of life affected by European membership.
2. Translation references
Like any form of communication, translation is a complex activity that takes account of intersubjectivity and intercultural by creating open and dynamic systems of equivalence.
Language is generally evaluated according to the translator's position in the translation scheme (Richet, 1993: 199), and the relation between the translation and its assessor, when the translator is trying to reconstruct the meaning as well. According to some experts, the meaning can be conveyed, transferred through translation easier than the form. Because they are inseparable, it would be ideal to be found in the translation: lindissociabilité du sens et de la forme nest pas un postulat, mais une fonction de la nature du texte (Dancette, 1998: 60). Any translation is possible under certain limits and conditions. This linguistic «handicap» is considered to be overcome in various ways, as languages are less distinguished by what they can say (all can say everything, with more or fewer words) and more by what and how to say.
Differences between linguistic structures of languages, in respect to translation, are caused by varied and diverse realities, but they are not identical with the linguistic disaccord.
Intentionality, as a factor of translatability, is hitting the limits of the translator's intention, his horizon of expectation, but also the intention of the text, and the extent to which relations with other texts are perceived (ibid. 2004:2). Being self-consistent, the translator will meet the strategy chosen (interpretive, open, communicative, cultural, etc.) ``dans bien des cas, [le choix du traducteur] dépendra en grande mesure du public auquel il destine sa traduction (Romney 1984: 267). Translators design their translation both as amount of technical issues relative to syntactic, semantic, prosodic, morphological, phonic components of a text (Pageaux, 2000: 68) and a combination of various nature elements. For this purpose, the reality of translation including all data is examined, and the extralinguistic as well as the linguistic factors have their role.
Nowadays, the meaning of the term translation has become multiple. R. Bell (2002: 26) identifies three such meanings: an abstract concept (the translation process and translation as a product), a product of the translation process (the text which is translated) or a process (the activity performed by the translator). Another theory is that set out in addition by A. Bantaș and E. Croitoru (1999: 23), namely the interpretative theory of translation, which, in addition to studying translation as product and process, it focuses on the process of interpretation, including the fields of linguistics, psycholinguistics, semantics, pragmatics, cultural context, communicative competence in the translation oriented text analysis - TOTA.
B. Han (2007:144) assumes that translation theory should resort to descriptive linguistics classes and considers that the act of translation can be strictly scientific based on a linguistic analysis model; therefore, the completed translation can be performed. E Nida does not agree with the fact that stylistic-literary factors are emphasized, creating the impression that the translation process is an art and not an exact science.
Translation has long been regarded as a text conversion of source language into target language so that the surface meaning of both texts to be roughly similar, and the initial text structures to be preserved as they do not affect the target text structures. The concept that translation is simply converting a source language text into a target language text, so that the surface meaning of the two texts to be roughly similar is a narrow concept. Translation is not a secondary, mechanical activity, but a creative process. In his work La Machine à traduire (1964) Mounin considers the translation act as a science-based art, the problems posed by translating process, with all possibilities and impossibilities, they can only be resolved within the framework of linguistic science system The translator will not simply convert the original works idea but he will choose a new aesthetic formula to materialize it. In this regard, the translation is the result of the junction between two spheres of language and, therefore it becomes an intermediary art.
3. Transfer of textual content in the translation of Community documentation
G. Lungu-Badea (2004:4-7) identifies three stages, the research steps necessary to relieve the transfer features according to the nature of source texts, their intentions and authors:
- identification of the translation strategy, according to purpose (skopos) of the translation and its alleged receiver. To this end, the translator precedes the classic stages of the translation process (un-verbalization, understanding, reverbalization), a full reading, followed by an evaluation reading, in fact an analysis of the translation difficulties and problems.
- linguistic and translative competence. Linguistic competence is the overall ability of a speaker to express in one language (unilingual or monolingual), two languages (bilingual) or in multiple languages (multilingual) (Ducrot, Schaeffer, 1996: 192-194, Moeschler, Reboule, 1999: 25-28). Communicative competence and performance, elements of linguistic competence, define a speaker's ability to understand the source language and quality to express into the target language.
- evaluation of the translation process result is based on the translation strategy chosen, types of equivalences and correspondences established, aspects of analyzing discourse and criteria of textuality (coherence, cohesion, receiver, message, level of language, speech register, type of text, etc.).
The translator which performs translations of European Community legislation and legal documentation must use different techniques to convert the text contents of source language into the target language starting with the equivalents obtained by translating word for word (fr. mot-à-mot), lexical substitutions or structural changes. The documents resulting from the translation will preserve the clarity and precision so as to be transparent and easy to understand (the terminology used will be consistent regarding both the initial act and regulations in effect).
Since January 2007, all EU documents issued by the European Parliament have been also drawn up in Romanian. Council, Court of Justice, Court of Auditors and the Economic and Social Committee have their own translation services. Other EU agencies send their documents to be translated by the Translation Centre for the Bodies of the European Union (TCB UE).
The European Commission usually employs three languages (English, French and German), and its documentation is translated by DGT-EC officials (eng. Directorate General for Translation) in Brussels. Since November 2007 the Institution has made available for the acquis communautaire a Translation Memory represented by a collection of original texts accompanied by their translation into 22 EU languages and about one million sentences translated into those languages. Therefore, the Romanian language becomes available in a free translation application of one European institution for the proper implementation of legislation - treaties, directives and regulations adopted by the EU. The Commission has also made a new step in its efforts to advance multilingualism as a key element of European unity in diversity but also in its general context, where EU terminology has emerged and developed/enriched with new terms.
Bibliography
Bantaș, A., Croitoru E., 1999. Didactica traducerii, Editura Teora, București 1999
Barhudarov, L.S., 1975. Language and translation , Moscova
Bell, R., 2002. Teoria și practica traducerii, Editura Polirom, București
Coșeriu, E., 1997. Portée et limites de la traduction în Parallèles nr.19, Cahier de lEcole de Traduction et dInterprétation, Université de Genève
Dancette, J., 1998. Parcours de traduction.Etudes expérimentales du processus de traduction, Presses Universitaires de Lille,
Ducrot, O., Schaeffer, J.M., 1996 : Noul dicționar al științelor limbajului, Editura Babel, București
Han, B., 2007. Traducere și globalizare ( Conferință- situl Integrare Europeană), Universitatea Petru Maior (upm.ro), Tg.Mureș
Levițchi, L., 2001. Manualul traducătorului de limba engleză, Editura Teora, București, 2001
Lungu-Badea, G., 2004. Traducerea științifică. Repere, sursă online: http://www.litere. uvt.ro/vechi/documente_pdf/aticole/uniterm/uniterm1_2004/glungu.pdf
Moeschler, J., Reboule , A., 1999. Dicționar enciclopedic de pragmatică, Cluj, Editura
Echinox, 1999.
Mounin, G., 1964. La Machine à traduire, Mouton La Haye
Pageux D.H., Literatură generală și comparată, Editura Polirom, Iași, 2000
Richet, B., 1993. Quelques réflexions sur la traduction des références culturelles în Traduction à luniversité, éd. M.Ballard,
Zgardan, N., 2008. Creativitate și fidelitate în traducere, UPM- Integrare Europeană, 2004
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